{"id":2600,"date":"2017-12-11T13:16:28","date_gmt":"2017-12-11T10:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teise.org\/?p=2600"},"modified":"2023-02-10T17:26:35","modified_gmt":"2023-02-10T17:26:35","slug":"apie-bausmiu-taikyma-ir-vykdyma-uzsienio-ir-lietuvos-mokslininku-akimis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/apie-bausmiu-taikyma-ir-vykdyma-uzsienio-ir-lietuvos-mokslininku-akimis\/","title":{"rendered":"Apie bausmi\u0173 taikym\u0105 ir vykdym\u0105 \u2013 u\u017esienio ir Lietuvos mokslinink\u0173 akimis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:lt]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dienos \u0161vies\u0105 i\u0161vydo Lietuvos teis\u0117s instituto mokslininko dr.\u00a0Gintauto Sakalausko sudarytas recenzuotas mokslini\u0173 straipsni\u0173 rinkinys \u201eBausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo tarptautinis palyginimas, tendencijos ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje\u201c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kaip rinkinio \u012fvade ra\u0161o sudarytojas dr.\u00a0G.\u00a0Sakalauskas, nusikalstamas elgesys ir reakcijos \u012f j\u012f formos visada yra arti kiekvieno \u017emogaus \u2013 visi turi su tuo susijusi\u0173 tiesiogini\u0173 ar netiesiogini\u0173 patir\u010di\u0173, visi apie tai turi savo nuomon\u0119, tyliau ar garsiau j\u0105 i\u0161sako. \u0160i nuomon\u0117 neretai tiesiai i\u0161 \u201ekepyklos\u201c keliauja prie vie\u0161\u0173 politini\u0173 sprendim\u0173 stalo ir atlieka ten svarb\u0173 vaidmen\u012f, \u012fsitaiso vie\u0161\u0173j\u0173 diskusij\u0173 retorikoje, kartais daro \u012ftak\u0105 ne tik po\u017ei\u016briui, bet ir veiksmams. Tod\u0117l bet kurioje visuomen\u0117je svarbu \u017einojim\u0105 apie taikytinas ir taikomas bausmes, j\u0173 poveik\u012f pakelti \u012f mokslin\u012f lyg\u012f, leid\u017eiant\u012f objektyviau \u012fvertinti esam\u0105 pad\u0117t\u012f, diferencijuotai ir kompleksi\u0161kai ap\u017evelgti \u012fvairius valstyb\u0117s reakcijos \u012f nusikalstam\u0105 elges\u012f aspektus.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pasak sudarytojo, \u012fvairiose \u0161alyse esan\u010dios pad\u0117ties \u0161ioje srityje palyginimas yra svarbus ir naudingas daugeliu prasmi\u0173. Pirmiausia toks palyginimas leid\u017eia pasi\u017ei\u016br\u0117ti \u012f\u00a0save i\u0161 \u0161alies, pamatyti platesn\u012f kontekst\u0105, pasitikrinti krypt\u012f. Antra, jis kit\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 praktikos kontekste leid\u017eia pasteb\u0117ti savitas tendencijas ir specifinius joms \u012ftak\u0105 padariusius ir tebedaran\u010dius veiksnius, tam tikr\u0105 i\u0161skirtinum\u0105, kuris gali b\u016bti labiau ar ma\u017eiau perspektyvus. Tre\u010dia, jis leid\u017eia siekti tam tikro bendrumo, jei jis laikytinas siekiamybe, pavyzd\u017eiui, Europos kult\u016bros arba siauresn\u0117je\u00a0\u2013 Europos S\u0105jungos teisin\u0117je ir socialin\u0117je erdv\u0117je. Galiausiai, ketvirta, jis sukuria erdv\u0119 gerosios praktikos pavyzd\u017ei\u0173 paie\u0161kai, gali pasi\u016blyti kitose \u0161alyse sugalvotus universali\u0173 problem\u0173 sprendimus, motyvuoja i\u0161bandyti inovacijas, i\u0161dr\u012fsti atsisakyti \u012fsisen\u0117jusios ir beprasm\u0117s rutinos, nereikaling\u0173 draudim\u0173 ar apribojim\u0173, kitaip tariant, gali paskatinti ka\u017ek\u0105 pakeisti nacionalin\u0117se bausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo sistemose ar netgi jas i\u0161 esm\u0117s reformuoti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201eStraipsni\u0173 rinkinys atsirado kaip bendro \u012fdirbio ir bendro m\u0105stymo viena kryptimi padarinys. Id\u0117ja parengti tok\u012f leidin\u012f gim\u0117 2015\u00a0m. vykusios Lietuvos teis\u0117s instituto organizuotos mokslin\u0117s praktin\u0117s konferencijos \u201e\u012ekalint\u0173 asmen\u0173 integracija: moksliniai tyrimai ir j\u0173 praktinis pritaikomumas\u201c metu. \u0160ioje konferencijoje dauguma \u010dia publikuojam\u0173 straipsni\u0173 autori\u0173 skait\u0117 prane\u0161imus, o pati konferencija sulauk\u0117 didelio mokslinink\u0173, politik\u0173, praktik\u0173 ir student\u0173 susidom\u0117jimo. Gausus dalyvavimas ir vykusios diskusijos dar kart\u0105 leido \u012fsitikinti, kad mokslin\u0117mis \u012f\u017evalgomis paremt\u0173 apibendrinim\u0173 ir j\u0173 pristatym\u0173 Lietuvoje labai tr\u016bksta, ypa\u010d \u2013 nacionalin\u0117s baudimo praktikos analiz\u0117s tarptautiniame kontekste\u201c, \u2013 sako G.\u00a0Sakalauskas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0160iame leidinyje yra ilgame\u010dio Vokietijos Konstanco universiteto kriminologijos profesoriaus Wolfgang\u2019o Heinz\u2019o straipsnis apie bausmi\u0173 taikymo praktik\u0105 ir j\u0173 veiksmingumo tyrimus Vokietijoje. Autorius pradeda nuo fundamentali\u0173 konstitucini\u0173 bausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo princip\u0173, kuri\u0173 pristatym\u0105 galima laikyti gera prad\u017eia ne tik \u0161iam straipsniui, bet ir visam leidiniui.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ilgametis Greifsvaldo universiteto kriminologijos profesorius Frieder\u2019is D\u00fcnkel\u2019is ir leidinio sudarytojas G.\u00a0Sakalauskas kartu analizuoja \u012fkalinimo praktik\u0105 Europos \u0161alyse. Pagal \u012fkalint\u0173 asmen\u0173 lyg\u012f 100\u00a0t\u016bkst. gyventoj\u0173 jos skiriasi net iki 5\u00a0kart\u0173. Tiesiogin\u0117 didelio kalini\u0173 skai\u010diaus prie\u017eastis yra da\u017enas ir ilgam laikui laisv\u0117s at\u0117mimo bausm\u0117s taikymas, kur\u012f savo ruo\u017etu lemia baudimo tradicija, kult\u016bra, bausmi\u0173 skyrimo ir lygtinio paleidimo teisin\u0117s nuostatos. Statistiniai duomenys rodo, kad netgi u\u017e tam tikrus tradici\u0161kai sunkiais laikomus nusikaltimus kaip pl\u0117\u0161imas ar sunkus sveikatos sutrikdymas \u012fvairiose \u0161alyse taikomos labai \u012fvairios bausm\u0117s ir laisv\u0117s at\u0117mimas da\u017eniausiai nesudaro did\u017eiosios dalies tarp vis\u0173 paskirt\u0173 bausmi\u0173.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kitame straipsnyje Frieder\u2019is D\u00fcnkel\u2019is \u012f resocializacij\u0105 \u017evelgia per tarptautini\u0173 \u017emogaus teisi\u0173 standart\u0173 prizm\u0119. Neseniai profesor\u0117s pareigas \u0160veicarijos Berno universitete prad\u0117jusios eiti, prie\u0161 tai Manheimo, Heidelbergo ir Greifsvaldo universitetuose dirbusios Ineke\u2019\u0117s Pruin straipsnyje lygtinio paleidimo i\u0161 \u012fkalinimo \u012fstaig\u0173 problematika analizuojama per nuoseklaus per\u0117jimo \u012f gyvenim\u0105 laisv\u0117je vadybos (vok. <em>\u00dcbergangsmanagement<\/em>) rakurs\u0105.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mediacijos galimyb\u0117ms jau paskyrus bausm\u0119, net ir \u012fskaitant real\u0173 laisv\u0117s at\u0117mim\u0105, skirtas mokslinink\u0117s Ilonos Michailovi\u010d straipsnis. Mediacijos id\u0117ja Lietuvos baud\u017eiamojo teisingumo sistemoje sunkiai skinasi keli\u0105 \u2013 \u0161ios proced\u016bros taikymo da\u017enumas Europos S\u0105jungos \u0161alyse yra atvirk\u0161\u010diai proporcingas kalini\u0173 skai\u010diui \u2013 tai taip pat yra vienas i\u0161 baudimo kult\u016bros indikatori\u0173.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ilgametis Evangeli\u0161kosios auk\u0161tosios mokyklos Drezdene sociologijos profesorius Harald\u2019as Wagner\u2019is ra\u0161o apie fundamentalias \u017emogaus teises, kuri\u0173 neatsiejama dalimi yra socialin\u0117 integracija ir inkliuzija.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vis\u0105 leidinio tekst\u0105 galima rasti \u010dia:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/teise.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Bausmiu-tendencijos-ir-perspektyvos-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=lt&amp;q=http:\/\/teise.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Bausmiu-tendencijos-ir-perspektyvos-2017.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1513078822432000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHepPdA7y-zDv_y_RxGAXFwYNdOag\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/teise.org\/wp-content\/<wbr \/>uploads\/2017\/11\/Bausmiu-<wbr \/>tendencijos-ir-perspektyvos-<wbr \/>2017.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[:en]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A collection of peer-reviewed scientific articles compiled by Law Institute of Lithuania research fellow Dr Gintautas Sakalauskas entitled \u201cSentencing and the Execution of Sentences: An International Comparison. Trends and Perspectives in Lithuania\u201d has seen the light of day.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cThe collection of articles emerged as a consequence of joint work and shared thinking in one direction. The idea to prepare a publication like this came about during \u2018Integration of Prisoners: Research and the Practical Application Thereof\u2019, the scientific\/best practices conference that was held by the Law Institute of Lithuania in 2015. Most of the authors of the articles that are published here spoke at that conference, and the conference itself garnered a great deal of interest from researchers, politicians, practitioners and students. The high level of participation and the discussions that took place convinced us once again that Lithuania is much in need of summaries based on scientific insights and their presentations, especially in the international context of national penal practice analysis,\u201d says Dr Sakalauskas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This publication includes an article by Wolfgang Heinz, a long-time professor of criminology at Germany\u2019s University of Konstanz, on the practice of sentencing and its effectiveness in Germany. The author begins with the fundamental constitutional principles of sentencing and the enforcement of criminal sanctions, the presentation of which can be considered a good start not only for this article but also for the entire publication.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Frieder D\u00fcnkel, a long-time professor of criminology at the University of Greifswald, and Dr Sakalauskas, the compiler of the publication, carry out a joint analysis of incarceration practices in European countries. The incarceration rate varies as much as five times between countries. The direct cause behind high incarceration rates is the frequent imposition of long-term prison sentences, which, in turn, is determined by the penal tradition and culture, as well as the legal provisions for sentencing and parole. Statistics show that even for certain crimes that are traditionally classified as serious, such as robbery or severe bodily harm, very different punishments are applied in different countries, and incarceration does not usually make up a large proportion of the total number of sentences imposed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In another article, Frieder D\u00fcnkel examines resocialization from the perspective of international human rights standards. In the article by Ineke Pruin, who recently became a professor at Switzerland\u2019s University of Bern after previously working at the Universities of Mannheim, Heidelberg and Greifswald, the problems of parole are analysed from the aspect of transition management (German: <em>\u00dcbergangsmanagement<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The article by researcher Ilona Michailovi\u010d focuses on mediation opportunities after the sentence is given, including even the execution of prison sentences. The concept of mediation is making slow progress in Lithuania\u2019s criminal justice system \u2013 the frequency with which this procedure is applied in EU countries is inversely proportional to the number of prisoners; this is also one of the indicators of the culture of punishment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harald Wagner, a long-time professor of sociology at the University of Applied Sciences for Social Work, Education and Care in Dresden, writes about fundamental human rights, of which social integration and inclusion are an integral part.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The complete publication is available at:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/teise.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Bausmiu-tendencijos-ir-perspektyvos-2017.pdf\">http:\/\/teise.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Bausmiu-tendencijos-ir-perspektyvos-2017.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:lt] Dienos \u0161vies\u0105 i\u0161vydo Lietuvos teis\u0117s instituto mokslininko dr.\u00a0Gintauto Sakalausko sudarytas recenzuotas mokslini\u0173 straipsni\u0173 rinkinys \u201eBausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo tarptautinis palyginimas, tendencijos ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje\u201c. Kaip rinkinio \u012fvade ra\u0161o sudarytojas dr.\u00a0G.\u00a0Sakalauskas, nusikalstamas elgesys ir reakcijos \u012f j\u012f formos visada yra arti kiekvieno \u017emogaus \u2013 visi turi su tuo susijusi\u0173 tiesiogini\u0173 ar netiesiogini\u0173 patir\u010di\u0173, visi apie tai turi savo nuomon\u0119, tyliau ar garsiau j\u0105 i\u0161sako. \u0160i nuomon\u0117 neretai tiesiai i\u0161 \u201ekepyklos\u201c keliauja prie vie\u0161\u0173 politini\u0173 sprendim\u0173 stalo ir atlieka ten svarb\u0173 vaidmen\u012f, \u012fsitaiso vie\u0161\u0173j\u0173 diskusij\u0173 retorikoje, kartais daro \u012ftak\u0105 ne tik po\u017ei\u016briui, bet ir veiksmams. Tod\u0117l bet kurioje visuomen\u0117je svarbu \u017einojim\u0105 apie taikytinas ir taikomas bausmes, j\u0173 poveik\u012f pakelti \u012f mokslin\u012f lyg\u012f, leid\u017eiant\u012f objektyviau \u012fvertinti esam\u0105 pad\u0117t\u012f, diferencijuotai ir kompleksi\u0161kai ap\u017evelgti \u012fvairius valstyb\u0117s reakcijos \u012f nusikalstam\u0105 elges\u012f aspektus. Pasak sudarytojo, \u012fvairiose \u0161alyse esan\u010dios pad\u0117ties \u0161ioje srityje palyginimas yra svarbus ir naudingas daugeliu prasmi\u0173. Pirmiausia toks palyginimas leid\u017eia pasi\u017ei\u016br\u0117ti \u012f\u00a0save i\u0161 \u0161alies, pamatyti platesn\u012f kontekst\u0105, pasitikrinti krypt\u012f. Antra, jis kit\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 praktikos kontekste leid\u017eia pasteb\u0117ti savitas tendencijas ir specifinius joms \u012ftak\u0105 padariusius ir tebedaran\u010dius veiksnius, tam tikr\u0105 i\u0161skirtinum\u0105, kuris gali b\u016bti labiau ar ma\u017eiau perspektyvus. Tre\u010dia, jis leid\u017eia siekti tam tikro bendrumo, jei jis laikytinas siekiamybe, pavyzd\u017eiui, Europos kult\u016bros arba siauresn\u0117je\u00a0\u2013 Europos S\u0105jungos teisin\u0117je ir socialin\u0117je erdv\u0117je. Galiausiai, ketvirta, jis sukuria erdv\u0119 gerosios praktikos pavyzd\u017ei\u0173 paie\u0161kai, gali pasi\u016blyti kitose \u0161alyse sugalvotus universali\u0173 problem\u0173 sprendimus, motyvuoja i\u0161bandyti inovacijas, i\u0161dr\u012fsti atsisakyti \u012fsisen\u0117jusios ir beprasm\u0117s rutinos, nereikaling\u0173 draudim\u0173 ar apribojim\u0173, kitaip tariant, gali paskatinti ka\u017ek\u0105 pakeisti nacionalin\u0117se bausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo sistemose ar netgi jas i\u0161 esm\u0117s reformuoti. \u201eStraipsni\u0173 rinkinys atsirado kaip bendro \u012fdirbio ir bendro m\u0105stymo viena kryptimi padarinys. Id\u0117ja parengti tok\u012f leidin\u012f gim\u0117 2015\u00a0m. vykusios Lietuvos teis\u0117s instituto organizuotos mokslin\u0117s praktin\u0117s konferencijos \u201e\u012ekalint\u0173 asmen\u0173 integracija: moksliniai tyrimai ir j\u0173 praktinis pritaikomumas\u201c metu. \u0160ioje konferencijoje dauguma \u010dia publikuojam\u0173 straipsni\u0173 autori\u0173 skait\u0117 prane\u0161imus, o pati konferencija sulauk\u0117 didelio mokslinink\u0173, politik\u0173, praktik\u0173 ir student\u0173 susidom\u0117jimo. Gausus dalyvavimas ir vykusios diskusijos dar kart\u0105 leido \u012fsitikinti, kad mokslin\u0117mis \u012f\u017evalgomis paremt\u0173 apibendrinim\u0173 ir j\u0173 pristatym\u0173 Lietuvoje labai tr\u016bksta, ypa\u010d \u2013 nacionalin\u0117s baudimo praktikos analiz\u0117s tarptautiniame kontekste\u201c, \u2013 sako G.\u00a0Sakalauskas. \u0160iame leidinyje yra ilgame\u010dio Vokietijos Konstanco universiteto kriminologijos profesoriaus Wolfgang\u2019o Heinz\u2019o straipsnis apie bausmi\u0173 taikymo praktik\u0105 ir j\u0173 veiksmingumo tyrimus Vokietijoje. Autorius pradeda nuo fundamentali\u0173 konstitucini\u0173 bausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo princip\u0173, kuri\u0173 pristatym\u0105 galima laikyti gera prad\u017eia ne tik \u0161iam straipsniui, bet ir visam leidiniui. Ilgametis Greifsvaldo universiteto kriminologijos profesorius Frieder\u2019is D\u00fcnkel\u2019is ir leidinio sudarytojas G.\u00a0Sakalauskas kartu analizuoja \u012fkalinimo praktik\u0105 Europos \u0161alyse. Pagal \u012fkalint\u0173 asmen\u0173 lyg\u012f 100\u00a0t\u016bkst. gyventoj\u0173 jos skiriasi net iki 5\u00a0kart\u0173. Tiesiogin\u0117 didelio kalini\u0173 skai\u010diaus prie\u017eastis yra da\u017enas ir ilgam laikui laisv\u0117s at\u0117mimo bausm\u0117s taikymas, kur\u012f savo ruo\u017etu lemia baudimo tradicija, kult\u016bra, bausmi\u0173 skyrimo ir lygtinio paleidimo teisin\u0117s nuostatos. Statistiniai duomenys rodo, kad netgi u\u017e tam tikrus tradici\u0161kai sunkiais laikomus nusikaltimus kaip pl\u0117\u0161imas ar sunkus sveikatos sutrikdymas \u012fvairiose \u0161alyse taikomos labai \u012fvairios bausm\u0117s ir laisv\u0117s at\u0117mimas da\u017eniausiai nesudaro did\u017eiosios dalies tarp vis\u0173 paskirt\u0173 bausmi\u0173. Kitame straipsnyje Frieder\u2019is D\u00fcnkel\u2019is \u012f resocializacij\u0105 \u017evelgia per tarptautini\u0173 \u017emogaus teisi\u0173 standart\u0173 prizm\u0119. Neseniai profesor\u0117s pareigas \u0160veicarijos Berno universitete prad\u0117jusios eiti, prie\u0161 tai Manheimo, Heidelbergo ir Greifsvaldo universitetuose dirbusios Ineke\u2019\u0117s Pruin straipsnyje lygtinio paleidimo i\u0161 \u012fkalinimo \u012fstaig\u0173 problematika analizuojama per nuoseklaus per\u0117jimo \u012f gyvenim\u0105 laisv\u0117je vadybos (vok. \u00dcbergangsmanagement) rakurs\u0105. Mediacijos galimyb\u0117ms jau paskyrus bausm\u0119, net ir \u012fskaitant real\u0173 laisv\u0117s at\u0117mim\u0105, skirtas mokslinink\u0117s Ilonos Michailovi\u010d straipsnis. Mediacijos id\u0117ja Lietuvos baud\u017eiamojo teisingumo sistemoje sunkiai skinasi keli\u0105 \u2013 \u0161ios proced\u016bros taikymo da\u017enumas Europos S\u0105jungos \u0161alyse yra atvirk\u0161\u010diai proporcingas kalini\u0173 skai\u010diui \u2013 tai taip pat yra vienas i\u0161 baudimo kult\u016bros indikatori\u0173. Ilgametis Evangeli\u0161kosios auk\u0161tosios mokyklos Drezdene sociologijos profesorius Harald\u2019as Wagner\u2019is ra\u0161o apie fundamentalias \u017emogaus teises, kuri\u0173 neatsiejama dalimi yra socialin\u0117 integracija ir inkliuzija. \u00a0 Vis\u0105 leidinio tekst\u0105 galima rasti \u010dia:\u00a0http:\/\/teise.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Bausmiu-tendencijos-ir-perspektyvos-2017.pdf [:en] A collection of peer-reviewed scientific articles compiled by Law Institute of Lithuania research fellow Dr Gintautas Sakalauskas entitled \u201cSentencing and the Execution of Sentences: An International Comparison. Trends and Perspectives in Lithuania\u201d has seen the light of day. \u201cThe collection of articles emerged as a consequence of joint work and shared thinking in one direction. The idea to prepare a publication like this came about during \u2018Integration of Prisoners: Research and the Practical Application Thereof\u2019, the scientific\/best practices conference that was held by the Law Institute of Lithuania in 2015. Most of the authors of the articles that are published here spoke at that conference, and the conference itself garnered a great deal of interest from researchers, politicians, practitioners and students. The high level of participation and the discussions that took place convinced us once again that Lithuania is much in need of summaries based on scientific insights and their presentations, especially in the international context of national penal practice analysis,\u201d says Dr Sakalauskas. This publication includes an article by Wolfgang Heinz, a long-time professor of criminology at Germany\u2019s University of Konstanz, on the practice of sentencing and its effectiveness in Germany. The author begins with the fundamental constitutional principles of sentencing and the enforcement of criminal sanctions, the presentation of which can be considered a good start not only for this article but also for the entire publication. Frieder D\u00fcnkel, a long-time professor of criminology at the University of Greifswald, and Dr Sakalauskas, the compiler of the publication, carry out a joint analysis of incarceration practices in European countries. The incarceration rate varies as much as five times between countries. The direct cause behind high incarceration rates is the frequent imposition of long-term prison sentences, which, in turn, is determined by the penal tradition and culture, as well as the legal provisions for sentencing and parole. Statistics show that even for certain crimes that are traditionally classified as serious, such as robbery or severe bodily harm, very different punishments are applied in different countries, and incarceration does not usually make up a large proportion of the total number of sentences imposed. In another article, Frieder D\u00fcnkel examines resocialization from the perspective of international human rights standards. In the article by Ineke Pruin, who recently became a professor at Switzerland\u2019s University of Bern after previously working at the Universities of Mannheim, Heidelberg and Greifswald, the problems<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-naujienos","category-2017-naujienu-irasu-metai"],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2600"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6833,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2600\/revisions\/6833"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teise.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}